Low-dimensional catalysts for hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction

Low-dimensional materials and their hybrids have emerged as promising candidates for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and CO2 conversion into useful molecules. Progress in synthetic methods for the production of catalysts coupled with a better understanding of the fundamental catalytic mechanisms has enabled the rational design of catalytic nanomaterials with improved performance and selectivity. In this Review, we analyse the state of the art in the implementation of low-dimensional nanomaterials and their van der Waals heterostructures for hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction by electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. We explore the mechanisms involved in both reactions and the different strategies to further optimize the activity, efficiency and selectivity of low-dimensional catalysts. The electrochemical oxidation and reduction of water and carbon dioxide are associated with the release or storage of energy. This Review reports the latest developments in the design and use of low-dimensional materials and their van der Waals heterostructures for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and CO2 conversion.