Low lattice thermal conductivity with two-channel thermal transport in the superatomic crystal PH4AlBr4

Designing novel crystalline materials composed of light and nontoxic elements, but with ultralow thermal conductivity insensitive to temperature, has been a long-standing challenge. One effective strategy is to utilize superatoms as building blocks to introduce hierarchical bonding and vibration for suppressing phonon velocity and enhancing high-order scattering. However, far fewer theoretical efforts have been made to understand the lattice dynamics and thermal transport in superatom-based materials. Herein, different from most of the existing works reported hitherto on atom-superatom hybrid systems, we carry out a comprehensive study on the phonon interaction and thermal transport in superatomic crystal $\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{Br}}_{4}$ solely consisting of superatoms (superalkali and superhalogen), by employing homogeneous nonequilibrium molecular dynamics with active-learning potential, combined with density functional theory and unified theory of phonon thermal transport. We find that the supersalt $\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{Br}}_{4}$ crystal exhibits amorphouslike ultralow lattice thermal conductivity of $0.329\ensuremath{-}0.286\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ from 200 to 600 K. In particular, due to the strong quartic anharmonicity, the contribution of four-phonon scattering reaches 38% of total scattering rates at 300 K, while the phonon coherence's contribution is comparable with that of population, resulting from significant phonon localization. These theoretical findings demonstrate that superatom-assembled materials exhibit features distinguished from atom-based crystals and provide a unique platform for exploring ultralow thermal conductivity with enhanced two-channel thermal transport.