Research Progress and Applications of Cellulose‐Based Functional Materials

ABSTRACT Cellulose, the most abundant renewable biopolymer in nature, has emerged as a key enabler in the transition from petroleum‐based materials to sustainable chemical technologies. Central to this transition is the functionalization of cellulose, which unlocks its full potential for diverse high‐value applications. This review begins with examining the fundamental properties of cellulose, based on which the modification strategies of cellulose are categorized and evaluated as chemical, physical, and biological modifications. This review systematically elucidates the molecular structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of cellulose. It provides a detailed analysis of the fabrication techniques for cellulose‐based membrane materials, fibrous materials, gel materials, and nanocellulose‐based materials, along with a comprehensive review of their modification strategies (chemical, physical, and biological). Building on this foundation, the discussion extends to transformative applications in next‐generation packaging, biomedical innovations, environmental restoration, energy storage, and flexible electronics. Through the above analysis, this review establishes a theoretical foundation and guides cellulose‐based functional materials, accelerating their commercial translation and advancing the realization of a sustainable materials economy.