Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) & Deep Learning (DL): A Comprehensive Overview on Techniques, Applications and Research Directions

The subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) within computer science aims to create intelligent machines capable of performing tasks typically requiring human intelligence. This foundational concept posits that human intelligence can be sufficiently defined for machines to emulate. Machine learning (ML), a branch of AI, enables software programs to enhance their predictive accuracy without explicit programming, using historical data to forecast new output values. Deep learning, a subset of ML, involves training models to organize sounds, text, or images using neural networks and substantial labeled data. In some cases, deep learning models surpass human performance, achieving state-of-the-art accuracy. This research study explores the principles and advancements in AI, ML, and deep learning, emphasizing their transformative potential and applications.