Sex-Specific Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defects: Do They Benefit Equally?

Background Sex differences in congenital heart disease are known to effect outcomes, however, there is limited data on its role in atrial septal defect (ASD) closure. Aims We aimed to investigate sex differences in baseline characteristics, procedural and long-term outcomes of patients who underwent transcatheter ASD closure. Methods This single-center, retrospective cohort study enrolled adult patients undergoing ASD closure between 2005-2016 at the Toronto General Hospital, Canada. Information on index procedure and follow-up was extracted from the hospital medical records. Results Of the 853 patients included, 281 (32.9%) were male and 572 (67.1%) were female. Females more frequently presented with dyspnea or palpitations, whereas males had more cardiovascular comorbidities. More males presented with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction than females. Females had higher RV systolic pressures and a higher prevalence of moderate-to-severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Procedure-related complications were rare and not different by sex. At 12-month follow-up, both males and females showed comparable decreases in RV diameter, RV systolic pressure, and TR severity. After a mean follow-up of 3 years (SD = 5), no significant differences were observed in the incidence of death (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.73 [95% CI 0.54-7.63]; p = 0.402), new-onset atrial fibrillation (IRR = 0.66 [95% CI 0.43-1.03]; 0.063), need for cardioversion or ablation, cerebrovascular events, and pacemaker implantation. Conclusion Although patient profiles differed by sex, procedural and long-term outcomes were comparable, suggesting that females and males benefit equally from transcatheter ASD closure.