Bahrain marine habitats and some environmental effects on seagrass beds : a study of the marine habitats of Bahrain with particular reference to the effects of water temperature, depth and salinity on seagrass biomass and distribution

This thesis presents a study of the marine habitats of Bahrain together with details of some of the \nphysical factors which may effect the distribution of those habitat types. Satellite remote sensing \ntechniques were employed together with aerial photography and in-field 'ground-truthing' to \nlocate 8 distinct habitat type. A comparison between the satellite-predicted habitat types and the \nactual habitats present reveals an accuracy of greater than 87%. Over 250 intertidal and subtidal \nstudy sites were surveyed for community type, key species, water quality measurements and \nseasonal variation. A final map of 12 habitat types was produced by expanding on the satellite \ncharacterisation using results from the detailed field surveys and the aerial reconnaissance. A set \nof sensitivity maps was drawn up to identify areas of commercial and scientific importance and \nto allocate areas in need of conservation, protection and management. The importance of each \nhabitat type and its role in the overall ecosystem is discussed. The findings of this survey \nconstitute the foundations for an effective national marine conservation strategy. \nSeagrass beds are identified as one of the most important habitat types around Bahrain and the \neffects of temperature, depth and salinity on the distribution and biomass of the three native \nspecies of seagrass are investigated. These three factors are identified as being the most variable \nphysical factors likely to constrain seagrass growth and distribution. 14 sites were surveyed at \ndifferent seasonal periods to collect data on the biomass, leaf length and leaf number of the \ndifferent species of seagrass along with temperature, depth and salinity data. The leaf \nmeasurements and biomass data from the 3 species of seagrass show a clear relationship to \nphysical factors. Temperature effects the growth of all 3 species to a varying extent. Water depth \ninfluences the distribution and growth patterns of Halodule uninervis and Halophila stipulacea. \nSalinity has no apparent effect on biomass or distribution. The possibility that salinity influences \ngrowth pattern and leaf morphology, particularly in Halophila ovalis, is inconclusive and would \nrequire further investigation.