Power tools for gene expression and clonal analysis in Drosophila

This Review covers recent technological developments to label and manipulate genes in selected populations of cells in Drosophila melanogaster. The Review is intended as a user guide to help with the selection of the best expression systems and clonal analysis techniques for developmental studies in the fly. The development of two-component expression systems in Drosophila melanogaster, one of the most powerful genetic models, has allowed the precise manipulation of gene function in specific cell populations. These expression systems, in combination with site-specific recombination approaches, have also led to the development of new methods for clonal lineage analysis. We present a hands-on user guide to the techniques and approaches that have greatly increased resolution of genetic analysis in the fly, with a special focus on their application for lineage analysis. Our intention is to provide guidance and suggestions regarding which genetic tools are most suitable for addressing different developmental questions.