Antimicrobial Nanocomposite Films Based on Metal and Biopolymer Nanomaterials for Sustainable Food Packaging

Objective: This review explores the application of next-generation antimicrobial nanocomposite materials in sustainable food packaging, highlighting their role in enhancing food safety, extending shelf life, and supporting eco-friendly distribution systems. Methods: A comprehensive analysis was conducted on recent developments in antimicrobial nanocomposites, emphasizing material composition, antimicrobial mechanisms, and packaging performance. The review also addresses regulatory issues, safety assessments, and public perception. Results: ZnO-based nanocomposites extended the shelf life of fresh-cut fruits by up to 9 days, while Ag–Ag-chitosan films achieved 99.9% bacterial inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus. Emerging nanocomposites, particularly those incorporating metallic nanoparticles and biopolymers, show significant potential in improving microbial resistance and barrier properties of food packaging. However, the risk of nanoparticle migration into food remains a critical and unresolved safety concern, and environmental impact underlines limiting commercial translation. Discussion: Antimicrobial nanocomposite films significantly improve food safety and shelf life, but concerns over nanoparticle migration and environmental impact remain key barriers to commercialization. Rigorous safety validation and regulatory clarity are essential for their sustainable adoption. Conclusion: While antimicrobial nanocomposites offer promising solutions for sustainable food packaging, their widespread adoption depends on validated safety, clear regulatory frameworks, and public trust. Future research should prioritise eco-safe, multifunctional materials that balance performance with environmental responsibility.