Cellulosic ethanol production with bio- and chemo-catalytic methods

Aqueous-phase catalysis is a new chemo-catalytic method for the synthesis of cellulosic ethanol, which could theoretically utilize all carbon atoms in glucose in the direct retro-aldol condensation (RAC) reaction. Herein, we provide a comparative study of cellulosic ethanol production with bio- and chemo-catalytic methods, especially on carbon-atom economy.