Association of Pregnancy with Stone Formation among Women in the United States: A NHANES Analysis 2007 to 2012

Nephrolithiasis is strongly associated with prior pregnancies. Among women of reproductive age the odds of stones are greater than doubled in those who had been pregnant compared with those who had never been pregnant. Nephrolithiasis prevalence also increases with the increasing number of pregnancies. Future investigation and identification of modifiable risk factors among pregnant patients may allow for a reduction in the burden of stone disease in women.