How Do We Improve Sleep Quality After Total Joint Arthroplasty? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background: Despite the importance of sleep for physiological function, rehabilitation, and recovery, sleep quality after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) remains poor. The objective of this systematic review was to identify, summarize, and evaluate postoperative interventions aimed at improving sleep quality after TJA. Methods: A systematic review of PubMed (MEDLINE) and Scopus (Embase, MEDLINE, COMPENDEX) from inception to April 2024 was conducted (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023447317). Randomized controlled trials on interventions to improve sleep quality were included. Sleep outcomes, including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System—Sleep Disturbance, Numeric Rating Scale sleep scores,l9 were extracted. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the available data. Results: Of the 1,549 articles identified, seven randomized trials with a total of 840 patients were included (394 total hip arthroplasties [THA], 446 total knee arthroplasties [TKA]). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was the most commonly used outcome for assessing sleep quality. Among THA studies, zolpidem, combined fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) and dexmedetomidine (DEX), and perioperative methylprednisolone were shown to markedly improve postoperative sleep quality. Neither topical cannabidiol nor topical essential oil was found to improve postoperative sleep quality after TKA. Melatonin had no effect on sleep outcomes after TJA. Conclusion: Zolpidem, FICB + DEX, and perioperative methylprednisolone are effective interventions to improve sleep quality after THA. Topical cannabis, topical essential oil, and melatonin did not improve sleep quality. No effective sleep interventions for TKA patients were identified. Improving sleep quality remains a potential therapeutic goal to improve patient satisfaction after TJA. Continued investigation on this topic is therefore necessary.