Accurate prediction analysis of steel alloy elements by femtosecond laser-ablation spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy and out-of-bag random forest regression

Femtosecond laser-ablation spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fs-LA-SIBS) and out-of-bag random forest regression (OOB-RFR) were developed for accurate quantitative analysis of the elements manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) in steel alloys.