Timing of Izanagi-Pacific ridge subduction beneath Eurasia: Constraints from metamorphic soles in Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract The subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath Eurasia controls not only Cenozoic intraplate volcanism, but also deep-focus earthquakes along the continental margin of eastern Asia. However, the timing of subduction of the Paleo-Pacific (Izanagi)–Pacific ridge and the initial subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath Eurasia remain subjects of debate. Metamorphic soles provide key evidence for ridge subduction, and together with coeval igneous activity, they are widely used to constrain the timing of ridge subduction. Here, we present the results of a study of amphibolites from the Hidaka metamorphic belt, Hokkaido, northern Japan, which are interpreted to be metamorphic soles. Our integrated study involved secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) U-Pb zircon dating, mineral chemistry, whole-rock geochemistry, and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic analyses. SIMS U-Pb zircon dating indicates that the amphibolite-facies sole metamorphism occurred in the late Eocene. Phase equilibria modeling suggests that the peak P–T conditions of metamorphism were 8.0–9.5 kbar/700–730 °C. The amphibolites belong to the tholeiitic series, and they are relatively enriched in heavy rare earth elements relative to light rare earth elements, with depletions in Nb, Ta, P, and Ti. They have (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.704207–0.704998, εNd(t) = +11.65 to +11.96, εHf(t) = +14.28 to +16.32, (206Pb/204Pb)i = 18.240–18.255, and (207Pb/204Pb)i = 15.522–15.525. The geochemistry of these amphibolites reveals that their protoliths had normal mid-oceanic-ridge basalt affinities, and their Pb isotopic signatures indicate Indian-type mantle rather than Pacific-type mantle. Considering the geochemistry of coeval igneous rocks, we conclude that the late Eocene metamorphism in the Hidaka metamorphic belt records the intraoceanic subduction that followed heat transfer from the incipient mantle wedge toward the top of the subducting plate, and it provides a key constraint on the timing of subduction of the Izanagi-Pacific ridge.