Nanoconfinement of Pd Ensembles in Ceria’s Bridging Hydroxyl Nests for Enhanced C–H Bond Activation

values are 340 and 402 °C, lowered by 175 and 226 °C, respectively) compared to the single-atom counterpart, alongside exceptional stability and water resistance under practical conditions. This work establishes the engineering of the support's hydroxyl microenvironment as a powerful strategy for designing highly efficient metal ensemble catalysts.