A Janus-structured PVA/collagen membrane co-loaded with Orthosiphon aristatus extract and DMOG for diabetic wound healing

, accelerated fibroblast migration, and increased endothelial tube formation. Further, in diabetic rats, the prepared membranes accelerated wound closure; increased COL deposition; and, most importantly, reprogrammed the wound immune environment: the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) fell while that of anti-inflammatory markers (ARG1 and IL-10) rose. Furthermore, no systemic toxicity was detected. By coupling a skin-mimetic physical design with two complementary bioactive agents, the Janus membrane herein breaks the pathological circuits that stall diabetic wound repair and demonstrates potential for clinical translation.