Parametric neural control differentiates top neural network models of primate visual cortex

Abstract Leading deep neural network encoding models predict visual cortical responses with nearly indistinguishable accuracy, raising the strong inference that these models have converged on the same underlying brain-aligned parameterization of natural image space. Here we demonstrate that this is not the case. We introduce axis-aligned feature accentuation, which converts each model’s fitted encoding axis into graded stimulus perturbations that are predicted to parametrically control neural firing within and beyond the natural-image range. We generated over 27,500 controller stimuli from ten leading vision models and presented them to five macaques in closed-loop experiments targeting early, mid-, and high-level visual areas. Despite matched natural image predictivity, models diverged strongly in their ability to control neural firing using accentuated stimuli, revealing that most model encoding axes failed to capture the precise tuning of their corresponding neurons. The two adversarially trained models showed a consistent advantage, though adversarial robustness was only weakly predictive of neural control across other models. Instead, control was better predicted by the spatial frequency structure of the input gradient: the distribution of pixels influencing each encoding axis. Overall, these results establish neural control via axis-aligned feature accentuation as a causal method to assess the alignment between how neurons and models parameterize the visual world.