Rare earth-based two-dimensional materials for biomedical research

Rare earth elements, with their distinctive electronic configurations and abundant physicochemical properties, are endowed with remarkable magnetic, optical, and catalytic properties. These characteristics, in turn, play a crucial role in advancing biomedical research and applications. The two-dimensional (2D) spatial structure has a profound impact on the magnetic, optical, and electronic properties of materials. Consequently, 2D materials have attracted extensive research interest in recent years. Rare earth-based two-dimensional materials (RE-2DMs), emerging from the effective integration of rare earth elements and 2D structure, offer boundless possibilities for biomedical research. In this review, we summarize concisely the relevant preparation methods of RE-2DMs. We also explore how the 2D structure modulates the optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties of rare-earth-related materials. Moreover, we review the research and applications in biomedical imaging, therapy, and sensing and monitoring, which capitalize on the unique property characteristics of RE-2DMs. Finally, we look ahead to the challenges and opportunities for the development of these materials in the biomedical field. We anticipate that this review will effectively deepen the understanding of RE-2DMs in the context of biomedicine, thereby providing valuable support for the research and design of such materials in the biomedical domain.