How effort expectancy and performance expectancy interact to trigger higher education students’ uses of ChatGPT for learning

Purpose The emergence of artificial intelligence technologies, like ChatGPT, has taken the world by storm, particularly in the education sector. This study aims to adopt the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology to explore how effort expectancy (EEC) and performance expectancy (PEE) individually, jointly, congruently and incongruently affect higher education students’ intentions and actual uses of ChatGPT for their learning. Design/methodology/approach An advanced methodology – polynomial regression with response surface analysis – and a sample of 1,461 higher education students recruited in Vietnam through three-phase stratified random sampling approach were adopted to test developed hypotheses. Findings Both EEC and PEE were found to have a direct positive impact on the likelihood of higher education students’ intention to use ChatGPT, which in turn promotes them actually use this tool for learning purposes. Conversely, a large incongruence between EEC and PEE will lower the level of intentions and actual uses of ChatGPT for learning. However, when there is a growing incongruence between EEC and PEE, either in a positive or negative direction, the likelihood of students’ intentions to use ChatGPT for learning decreases. Practical implications Some practical implications are subsequently recommended to obtain advantages and address potential threats arising from the implementation of this novel technology in the education context. Originality/value This study shed the new light on the educational setting by testing how higher education students’ intentions to use ChatGPT and subsequent actual uses of ChatGPT are synthesized from the balance between high EEC and PEE.