Dynamic Behavior of Liquids on Superspreading Surfaces: From Essential Mechanisms to Applications

The interaction between liquids and surfaces is a common phenomenon in nature and has attracted extensive scientific attention. Among these interactions, the dynamic behavior of liquids on superspreading surfaces exhibits significant diversity, which can be categorized into four processes: impact, spreading, film formation, and phase transition. Traditional characterization using the equilibrium contact angle (CA) proves insufficient for describing dynamic liquid behaviors. Recent studies introduce superspreading time (ST) and the curve of the superspreading radius versus spreading time (SRST), providing a comprehensive understanding of dynamic spreading processes. This review systematically analyzes the dynamic behaviors of liquids on superspreading surfaces, including their underlying mechanisms and associated influencing factors. Furthermore, we discuss applications of superspreading surfaces by categorizing them into unsteady-state liquid films and steady-state liquid films. The unsteady-state liquid film applications leverage the dynamic processes, such as impact, spreading, and phase transition, to enhance thermal management efficiency, bubble detachment, photothermal conversion, and convective heat transfer. In contrast, the steady-state liquid film applications focus on stable thin film formation for use in areas such as antifouling coatings, drag reduction, biomaterial enhancement, and uniform film fabrication. Finally, we highlight existing challenges in understanding liquid-solid fundamental research and industrial applications. This review provides insights into both the fundamental mechanisms and practical applications of superspreading surfaces, arousing attention in the field of superspreading to strengthen mechanism research and promote practical applications.