Tough and adhesive conductive hydrogels with fast gelation from a polyphenol–aluminium ion dual self-catalysis system for wearable strain sensors and triboelectric nanogenerators

A tough and adhesive conductive double network hydrogel (PVA/PHEAA–TA–Al 3+ gel) was prepared via rapid in situ room temperature gelation processes (25 °C, 215 s) in a tannic acid–aluminium ion (TA–Al 3+ ) dual self-catalysis system.