Dihydrotestosterone induces reactive oxygen species accumulation and mitochondrial fission leading to apoptosis of granulosa cells

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which has significant androgenic activity，is a major player in follicle development and ovary function in females. However, an excess of androgens may result in increased follicular apoptosis with adverse effects on female fertility. This study aimed to explore the mechanism by which DHT induces apoptosis in human ovarian granulosa cells (GCs). The association between DHT and GC apoptosis was explored by the construction of rat models of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It was found that serum DHT levels were negatively correlated with thickness of the GC layer in PCOS model rats (R 2 =0.8342, p ＜0.0001), compared with control rats, together with significant increases in cofactors (Fis1: p =0.008; MFF: p =0.044). The GC SVOG cell line was used to clarify the mechanism by which DHT influenced GC apoptosis in in vitro experiments. The results confirmed that apoptosis in SVOG cells was positively associated with the DHT dose. The expression of the autophagy-related proteins LC3A/B ( p =0.027) and the proapoptotic protein Bax ( p =0.0095) were increased, while that of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 ( p =0.0005) was decreased in the high-dose DHT group. ROS levels were significantly increased ( p =0.0237) and the mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨm was decreased ( p =0.0194). Moreover, ultrastructural analysis of the mitochondria indicated significant damage. The results of RT-qPCR and western blotting showed that two fission cofactor-Fis1（ p =0.034） and MFF ( p =0.039) were significantly increased after treatment with high doses of DHT. Even though the overall expression of Drp1 did not change significantly ( p =0.5961), that of activated Phosphor-Drp1(Ser616) was significantly increased ( p =0.046), while the expression of Phosphor-Drp1 (Ser637) was markedly reduced ( p =0.007) following exposure to high concentrations of DHT. All these effects could be reversed by the Drp1 inhibitor Mdivi-1. These findings indicated the impact of DHT on ROS aggregation and mitochondrial fission, resulting in GC apoptosis. An imbalance in Drp1 phosphorylation may be the key link in DHT-induced excessive mitochondrial fission.