Electrochemical Uric Acid Sensors: Fundamentals and Commercial Status

An abnormal level of uric acid could lead to serious diseases and complications, such as gout, renal and cardiovascular diseases. Uric acid biosensors have been developed widely for clinical applications. This work would cover the fundamentals and challenges for the development of the uric acid biosensors. The topics include the sensing principles for detecting uric acid, the types of the sensing signals and the signal generation methods, the sensing electrode materials and configurations, the enzymatic and non-enzymatic uric acid sensors, the electrochemiluminescence sensors, the modification approaches for the sensing electrodes, and the commercial status for the sensors. This review explores the fundamentals and practical applications of uric acid biosensors, addresses the current progress and future challenges, and would serve as a resource for the development of uric acid biosensors.