Investigation of expansion percentages and groove inclusions on the performance of welded, expanded, welded-expanded tube-to-tubesheet joints

Tube-to-tubesheet joints play a crucial role in providing structural integrity to the shell and \ntube heat exchangers. This research investigated the combined effect of roller expansion \npercentages and grooves on the performance of expanded and welded-expanded tube-to- \ntubesheet joints. The results indicated that the joint strength of welded-expanded (except \nfor 6% tube expansion and 2 grooves) and welded joints exceeded the nominal axial strength \nof the tube, 404.90 MPa. The highest tube pull-out strength of 290.77 MPa in the expanded \nonly joint (10% tube expansion and 2 grooves), lesser than the axial strength of the tube by \n28.25%, suggested avoiding the expansion process alone for 23 mm thick tubesheets. High \ndilution and inadequate minimum leak path (<1.78 mm) result in the failure of the welded- \nexpanded joint. The highest hardness of 216 HV is formed at the weld zone comprising of a \nferrite and widmanstatten ferrite. From 4% to 10% tube expansion percentages, the grains at \nthe inner tube edges were refined from 8.33 mm to 6.25 mm at the expanded zone and from \n9.09 mm to 6.66 mm at the transition zone due to intensive plastic deformation caused by the \nrollers. Grain refinement by expansion process resulted in high hardness of 182.3 HV and \n156.1 HV at the inner tube edges of the expanded and transition zone, respectively. The \ngrains were coarser, and hardness was less at the outer tube edges of expanded and tran- \nsition zone. This study is promising for selecting the appropriate manufacturing process \nand conditions for the optimum performance of tube-to-tubesheet joints.