Biochar Facilitated Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer in Anaerobic Digestion to Alleviate Antibiotics Inhibition and Enhance Methanogenesis: A Review

Efficient conversion of organic waste into low-carbon biofuels such as methane through anaerobic digestion (AD) is a promising technology to alleviate energy shortages. However, issues such as inefficient methane production and poor system stability remain for AD technology. Biochar-facilitated direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) has recently been recognized as an important strategy to improve AD performance. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms of biochar-facilitated DIET are still largely unknown. For this reason, this review evaluated the role of biochar-facilitated DIET mechanism in enhancing AD performance. First, the evolution of DIET was introduced. Then, applications of biochar-facilitated DIET for alleviating antibiotic inhibition and enhancing methanogenesis were summarized. Next, the electrochemical mechanism of biochar-facilitated DIET including electrical conductivity, redox-active characteristics, and electron transfer system activity was discussed. It can be concluded that biochar increased the abundance of potential DIET microorganisms, facilitated microbial aggregation, and regulated DIET-associated gene expression as a microbial mechanism. Finally, we also discussed the challenges of biochar in practical application. This review elucidated the role of DIET facilitated by biochar in the AD system, which would advance our understanding of the DIET mechanism underpinning the interaction of biochar and anaerobic microorganisms. However, direct evidence for the occurrence of biochar-facilitated DIET still requires further investigation.