Recent advances in core-shell organic framework-based photocatalysts for energy conversion and environmental remediation

Direct conversion of solar energy into chemical energy in an environmentally friendly manner is one of the most promising strategies to deal with the environmental pollution and energy crisis. Among a variety of materials developed as photocatalysts, the core-shell metal/covalent-organic framework (MOF or COF) photocatalysts have garnered significant attention due to their highly porous structure and the adjustability in both structure and functionality. The existing reviews on core-shell organic framework photocatalytic materials have mainly focused on core-shell MOF materials. However, there is still a lack of in-depth reviews specifically addressing the photocatalytic performance of core-shell COFs and MOFs@COFs. Simultaneously, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive review encompassing these three types of core-shell structures. Based on this, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding and useful guidelines for the exploration of suitable core-shell organic framework photocatalysts towards appropriate photocatalytic energy conversion and environmental governance. Firstly, the classification, synthesis, formation mechanisms, and reasonable regulation of core-shell organic framework were summarized. Then, the photocatalytic applications of these three kinds of core-shell structures in different areas, such as H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, and pollutants degradation are emphasized. Finally, the main challenges and development prospects of core-shell organic framework photocatalysts were introduced. This review aims to provide insights into the development of a novel generation of efficient and stable core-shell organic framework materials for energy conversion and environmental remediation.