Optimization and biosynthesis of calcined chicken eggshell doped titanium dioxide photocatalyst based nanoparticles for wastewater treatment

Abstract This study presents, biosynthesis of calcinated eggshell (CES) doped with Titanium dioxide (TiO 2, ) photocatalyst for photodegradation of methylene blue from synthetic wastewater. The influence of three independent variables for improving photodegradation efficiency was investigated and optimized using response surface methodology of Box–Behnken Design on the removal of methylene blue using the calcined chicken eggshells (CES) doped with titanium dioxide. The experimental result showed that 95.8% degradation efficiency of methylene blue by prepared photocatalyst at a contact time of 180 min, initial concentration of methylene blue of 10 ppm, and calcined eggshells (CES) doped with titanium dioxide dose of 2.5 g/L. The synthesized photocatalyst was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-spectrometer, and X-ray diffractometer and UV–vis Spectroscopy for determined their functional group, structure, and bandgap energy respectively. Their results depict the calcined eggshell doped with titanium dioxide photocatalyst is a promising option for the degradation of methylene blue from industrial wastewater under the stated condition. Highlights Analysis of chicken eggshell wastes are being used as photocatalyst source to calcinated eggshell doped TiO 2, i.e., ‘Waste to photocatalyst’ for production of viable sustainable products to bio photocatalyst from wastewater to fulfill the need of an expensive metal-doped catalyst. Photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue experiment has been done. The highest degradation efficiency of 95.8% methylene blue was obtained at a contact time of 180 min, 10 ppm of initial concentration of methylene blue, and a dopant dose of 2.5 g/L by using prepared photocatalyst.