Nanomaterials in fluorescence-based biosensors: Defining key roles

The breakthrough in the field of nanotechnology has had a major influence on the field of biosensors. The integration of nanomaterials in the construction of biosensors could be related to analytical figures of merit such as lower detection limit, broad linear range, suitability for field research, and portability. In this line, nanomaterials have gained considerable attention in the fabrication of fluorescence-based biosensors. Significant research efforts have been made towards exploration and synthesis of various types of nanomaterials for subsequent use in the fluorescence-based biosensors. Nowadays, fluorescence biosensors have gained much attention among other types of biosensors due to high sensitivity, easy operation, multiplexed ability and non-destructive nature. The aim of this review is to identify key roles for nanomaterials in the design of fluorescence-based biosensors and to provide insight into the types and existence of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials may be used as a signal amplification probe, a fluorescence signal generator, and a fluorescence quencher. Furthermore, the utility of nano-fluorescence-based biosensors for the study of mycotoxins, antibiotic residues, and biomarkers has been demonstrated, as successful detection of these toxic molecules is critical. • The nanomaterial integrated fluorescence-based biosensors were reviewed. • Enzyme-, antibody- and aptamer-based fluorescence strategies were discussed. • The achievement, limit of detection, and future outlook in nanostructure based fluorescence biosensors are discussed.