Non-layered transition metal carbides for energy storage and conversion

Non-layered transition metal carbides (NL-TMCs) have diverse morphologies and structures, and tunable stoichiometric ratios, giving them many intriguing electrical/catalytic properties such as high gravimetric capacities, high conductivity and excellent stability. The latest progress in the use of NL-TMCs for energy conversion and storage applications is reviewed. Several routes to synthesize NL-TMCs are described, including carbothermal reduction, chemical vapor deposition, a template-assisted method and a hydro/solvothermal method. Their electrochemical performance in lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries and catalytic water splitting are presented. Current challenges for the rational design and fabrication of NL-TMCs for practical applications are discussed and future research suggestions are made.