ElectrochemicalSeawaterOxidation by (Ni,Co)3O4‑RuO2 Catalysts at NeutralpH in a Forward Osmosis Cell

Using seawater to generate green hydrogen through electrolysis is a promising strategy for energy conversion. However, direct seawater splitting to form green hydrogen suffers drawbacks from electrode corrosion due to chlorine and other impurities. Herein, we demonstrate direct electrochemical seawater splitting using a forward osmosis membrane coupled with an electrolysis cell. By using this cell, high activity (270 mV at 10 mA/cm²) and decent stability (up to 6 days) are achieved by utilizing RuO₂-(Ni,Co)₃O₄ catalyst in a neutral electrolyte. This system is further studied in various electrolytes under neutral to alkaline conditions. This proof of concept shows that seawater splitting could be coupled with semipermeable membranes, allowing for direct utilization of seawater without pretreatment or purification and evading the challenges posed by impurities.