Pore-Scale Perspective of Gas/Water Two-Phase Flow in Shale

Summary The transport behaviors of both single-phase gas and single-phase water at nanoscale deviate from the predictions of continuum flow theory. The deviation is greater and more complex when both gas and liquid flow simultaneously in a pore or network of pores. We developed a pseudopotential-based lattice Boltzmann (LB) method (LBM) to simulate gas/water two-phase flow at pore scale. A key element of this LBM is the incorporation of fluid/fluid and fluid/solid interactions that successfully capture the microscopic interactions among phases. To calibrate the model, we simulated a series of simple and static nanoscale two-phase systems, including phase separation, a Laplace bubble, contact angle, and a static nanoconfined bubble. In this work, we demonstrate the use of our proposed LBM to model gas/water two-phase flow in systems like a single nanopore, two parallel nanopores, and nanoporous media. Our LBM simulations of static water-film and gas-film scenarios in nanopores agree well with the theory of disjoining pressure and serve as critical steps toward validating this approach. This work highlights the importance of interfacial forces in determining static and dynamic fluid behaviors at the nanoscale. In the Applications section, we determine the water-film thickness and disjoining pressure in a hydrophilic nanopore under the drainage process. Next, we model water imbibition into gas-filled parallel nanopores with different wettability, and simulate gas/water two-phase flow in dual-wettability nanoporous media. The results showed that isolated patches of organic matters (OMs) impede water flow, and the water relative permeability curve cuts off at water saturation [= 1–volumetric total organic carbon (TOC)]. The residual gas saturation is also controlled by the volumetric TOC, ascribed to the isolation of organic patches by the saturating water; therefore, the gas relative permeability curve cuts off at water saturation (= 1–volumetric TOC).