A Deactivation Factor of Fibrogenic Hepatic Stellate Cells Induces Regression of Liver Fibrosis in Mice

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), a key player in the progression of liver fibrosis, are activated by various inflammatory stimuli and converted to myofibroblast-like cells with excessive collagen production. Despite many attempts to suppress activation of HSCs or inhibit collagen production in activated HSCs, their clinical applications have not been established yet. Recently, the deactivation of HSCs has been reported as a mechanism underlying the reversibility of experimental liver fibrosis. In the present study, we sought for deactivation factors of HSCs that induce regression of established liver fibrosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We identified transcription factor 21 (Tcf21) as one of the transcription factors whose expression was up-regulated in parallel to the differentiation of fetal HSCs. Expression of Tcf21 in HSCs remarkably decreased during culture-induced activation in vitro and in murine and human fibrotic liver tissue in vivo. This reduced Tcf21 expression was recovered during the spontaneous regression of murine liver fibrosis. Tcf21 was also examined for its effects by adeno-associated virus serotype 6-mediated Tcf21 gene transfer into cultured activated HSCs and mice with carbon tetrachloride- or methionine-choline deficient diet-induced liver fibrosis. Overexpression of Tcf21 in activated HSCs not only suppressed fibrogenic gene expression but also restored cells, at least in part, to a quiescent phenotype both in vitro and in vivo. These phenotypic changes of HSCs were accompanied by the regression of steatohepatitis and fibrosis and improved hepatic architecture and function. CONCLUSIONS: Tcf21 has been identified as a deactivation factor of fibrogenic HSCs, providing insight into a treatment strategy for the otherwise intractable liver fibrosis.