Polarization electric field tuning interface electric field in full-spectral response double S-scheme heterojunction to drive synchronous removal of Cr(VI) and RBR X-3B

). The synergistic reaction mechanism, potential degradation pathways, and the ecological toxicity of intermediates associated with the RBR X-3B/Cr(VI) synchronous removal process and the RBR X-3B independent degradation process were further elucidated through LC-MS analysis, DFT calculations, and toxicity evaluations. The continuous removal efficiency of pollutants by BW-C-S under dynamic hydraulic conditions was validated through the construction of a continuous flow reaction device, which provided theoretical support for the sustainable purification of various pollutants in complex aquatic environments.