Spheroid-based skin-on-a-chip platform for the evaluation of the toxicity of small molecules and nanoparticles

scores for skin irritation. Toxicity screening was extended to nanoparticles, including carbon dots, liposomes, and insecticide-loaded liposomes. This MSS-based skin-on-a-chip microfluidic platform for the safety evaluation of small molecules and nanoparticles has diverse applications in the skincare, pharmaceutical, and agriculture fields.