Associations of polypharmacy with frailty severity and each frailty phenotype in community‐dwelling older adults: Itabashi Longitudinal Study on Aging

Aim Although polypharmacy and frailty are concerns in older adults, there is limited understanding of their association, particularly regarding frailty severity and its phenotypes within this population. This study aimed to examine the association between polypharmacy and frailty severity or frailty phenotypes in community‐dwelling older Japanese adults. Methods This cross‐sectional study included 1021 older adults from the Itabashi Longitudinal Study on Aging. Men accounted for 45.4%, and the mean age (standard deviation) was 77.9 (5.1) years. Participants were classified into frail ( n = 67), pre‐frail ( n = 543), and robust ( n = 411) groups using the revised Japanese Cardiovascular Health Study criteria. Polypharmacy was defined as using five or more self‐reported prescription drugs. Ordinal and binomial logistic regression analyses examined the association between polypharmacy and frailty severity or frailty phenotypes (weight loss, weakness, exhaustion, slowness, and low activity). These models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, number of comorbidities, living status, employment status, years of education, as well as drinking and smoking habits. Results The prevalence of frailty in participants with and without polypharmacy was 10.1% and 5.0%, respectively. Participants with polypharmacy were more likely to have frailty (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.89 [1.40–2.57]), weight loss (1.81 [1.00–3.27]), weakness (1.50 [1.08–2.09]), and slowness (2.25 [1.29–3.94]) compared with the no‐polypharmacy group. Conclusions Polypharmacy was associated with frailty severity and three frailty phenotypes. Longitudinal studies are required to investigate whether polypharmacy can predict the development and progression of frailty. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 196–201 .