Role of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound in regulating macrophage polarization to accelerate tendon–bone interface repair

Abstract Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been proven to accelerate the healing of the tendon–bone interface (TBI), and macrophages are considered to play an important regulatory role. This study was designed to explore the polarization of macrophages during treatment of TBI injury with LIPUS. In a rat model of rotator cuff tear, LIPUS or mock sonication (controls) was administered from 1 week postoperatively. The supraspinatus–supraspinatus tendon‐humerus complexes were harvested for further evaluation at different time points for measures such as new bone formation, TBI maturity, ultimate failure load and stiffness, and types of macrophages. In vitro, bone marrow‐derived macrophages were cultured, and polarization was identified after stimulation with or without LIPUS (the LIPUS or control groups, respectively). Two weeks posttreatment, the LIPUS group showed higher bone volume/total volume ratios and better TBI maturity scores. Six weeks posttreatment, the failure load of the LIPUS group was significantly higher than that of the control group. LIPUS also accelerated initial inflammatory macrophage accumulation and facilitated anti‐inflammatory macrophage polarization (M2) in the late period. In the in vitro macrophage polarization model, the LIPUS group showed a higher proportion of M2 macrophages and mRNA expression of anti‐inflammatory genes than the control group, while there was no significant difference in the proinflammatory macrophages between the two groups. Our observations revealed that macrophage polarization may be a potential mechanism of LIPUS treatment for TBI repair.