About chemical form and binding energy of 14C in irradiated graphite of uranium-graphite nuclear reactors

Issues associated with handling irradiated graphite of uranium-graphite nuclear reactors are examined. It is demonstrated that selection of approaches, methods and means for handling irradiated graphite are determined by the form of occurrence and binding energy of long-lived 14 C radionuclide with graphite crystalline lattice. The purpose of the present study is the determination of possible chemical compounds in which 14 C can be found and assessment of fastness of its binding in the structure of irradiated graphite. Indigent and foreign experience of handling graphite radioactive wastes was analyzed, calculations and measurements were performed. Information was provided on the channels of accumulation of 14 C in the structure of reactor graphite and it was demonstrated that the largest quantities of the radionuclide in question are generated according to the reaction 14 N(n, p) 14 C. Here, most part of radioactive carbon is generated on 14 N nuclei found in the form of impurities in non-irradiated graphite and in the composition of gas used for purging nuclear reactor in the process of operation. 14 C radionuclide generated according to 14 N(n, p) 14 C nuclear reaction is localized in the near subsurface graphite layer (in the near subsurface layer of pores) at the depth of not more than 50 nm. Analysis was performed of possible chemical compounds which may incorporate radioactive carbon. It was established that the form of occurrence is determined by the operational properties of specific graphite element in the reactor core. 14 C binding energy in the structure of irradiated graphite was evaluated and depth of its penetration in the structure was calculated. It was established that selective extraction of this radionuclide is possible only under elevated temperatures in weakly oxidizing environment which is explained by the binding energy reaching up to 800 kJ/mole in the process of chemical sorption of 14 C on the surface of graphite and depth of its occurrence equal to ~ 70 nm in the course of ion implantation. It was demonstrated that radioactive carbon generated according to 13 C(n, γ) 14 C nuclear reaction is uniformly distributed among graphite elements and possesses binding energy ~477 kJ/mole. Its selective extraction is possible only under the condition of destruction of graphite crystalline lattice and organization of the process of isotopic separation. The obtained results allow recommending the most efficient methods of handling irradiated graphite during decommissioning uranium-graphite reactors.