Neocentromere formation through Robertsonian fusion and centromere repositioning during the evolution of zebras

ABSTRACT Centromeres are epigenetically specified by the histone H3 variant CENP-A and typically associated to highly repetitive satellite DNA. We previously discovered natural satellite-free neocentromeres in Equus caballus and E. asinus . Here, through ChIP-seq with an anti-CENP-A antibody, we found an extraordinarily high number of centromeres lacking satellite DNA in the zebras E. burchelli (15 of 22) and E. grevyi (13 of 23), demonstrating that the absence of satellite DNA at the majority of centromeres is compatible with genome stability and species survival and challenging the role of satellite DNA in centromere function. Nine neocenstromeres are shared between the two species in agreement with their recent separation. We de novo assembled all neocentromeric regions and improved the reference genome of E. burchelli . Sequence analysis of the CENP-A binding domains revealed that they are LINE-1 and AT-rich with four of them showing DNA amplification. In the two zebras, satellite-free centromeres emerged from centromere repositioning or following Robertsonian fusion. In five chromosomes, the centromeric function arose near the fusion points, which are located within regions marked by traces of ancestral pericentromeric sequences. Therefore, besides centromere repositioning, Robertsonian fusions are an important source of satellite-free centromeres during evolution. Finally, in one case, a neocentromere was seeded on an inversion breakpoint. At eleven chromosomes, whose primary constrictions seemed to be associated to satellite repeats by cytogenetic analysis, neocentromeres were instead located near the ancestral inactivated satellite-based centromeres, therefore, the centromeric function has shifted away from a satellite repeat containing locus to a satellite-free new position.