Background: Particle counting technology is becoming increasingly accepted in the drinking water treatment industry. In the early 1980's, only one utility, Southern Nevada Water Authority, near Los Vegas, Nevada used particle counting to optimize treatment. Today, it is estimated that over water plants have installed these instruments. As effective and useful as particle counters have proven to be, serious information gaps in the use of this technology exist. This report was designed to fill these information gaps and provide guidance to drinking water utilities so that this technology can be applied to its fullest potential.