Repeated Disuse Atrophy Imprints a Molecular Memory in Skeletal Muscle: Transcriptional Resilience in Young Adults and Susceptibility in Aged Muscle

biosynthesis gene, was the most downregulated gene across both atrophy periods, and supplementation with its substrate, nicotinamide riboside (NR), improved myotube size in MuSCs derived post-atrophy. Overall, repeated disuse atrophy imprints a molecular memory in skeletal muscle shaping transcriptional resilience in young adults and exaggerated susceptibility in aged muscle.