Nanofluids flow boiling and convective heat transfer in microchannels: a systematic review and bibliometrics analysis

Abstract Efficient thermal management is critical in high-performance electronics, nuclear reactors, and renewable energy systems, where excessive heat generation can degrade performance and compromise safety. This review explores the advancements in nanofluids flow boiling and convective heat transfer in microchannels over the past decade. Fundamental factors affecting heat transfer performance, including nanoparticle properties, microchannel geometries, and flow conditions, were highlighted. Key insights into bubble formation and flow dynamics are provided, with high-speed imaging and advanced microscopy techniques offering a detailed understanding of these phenomena. Nanofluids have demonstrated significant enhancements in heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and critical heat flux (CHF), with select formulations yielding up to a 49% increase in CHF over conventional coolants. Despite promising advancements, several challenges persist, such as nanoparticle stability, clogging and fouling, and variability in HTC and CHF. Further, pressure drop and pumping power requirements, along with environmental and health concerns, pose significant obstacles to practical implementation. Future research should focus on optimizing nanoparticle formulations, improving microchannel design, and developing robust modeling techniques to predict system performance. Also, environmental concerns relating to nanofluid synthesis, disposal, and ecological footprint necessitate further investigation. Future research should focus on optimizing nanofluid formulations, integrating artificial intelligence-driven predictive models, and developing eco-friendly nanofluid alternatives. By consolidating experimental findings, theoretical insights, and bibliometric trends, this review provides a valuable resource for researchers and engineers seeking to advance next-generation thermal management solutions in high-performance and sustainable energy applications. Overall, this review underscores nanofluids' potential to revolutionize thermal management in high-performance computing, power electronics, and renewable energy systems while also highlighting the need for continued research to overcome existing challenges and fully realize this technology's benefits.