Natural mineral drugs inspired functional nanomaterials: design, synthesis, and biomedical applications

Abstract Functional nanomaterials inspired by natural minerals hold significant promise for biomedical applications, attributed to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics. This study explores the impact of contemporary technology on the advancement of nanoscale transformation of mineral drugs, taking into account their historical applications. Through “top‐down” and “bottom‐up” synthesis strategies, the size and morphology of nanomaterials are controlled precisely to optimize their bioavailability and efficacy. In the realm of biomedical applications, these nanomaterials have proven to be highly effective in both standalone and combined therapies, notably enhancing targeted drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, and photothermal therapy. Furthermore, the article delves into cutting‐edge drug delivery methods that leverage the extracellular space. These methods are anticipated to overcome the constraints imposed by the blood‐brain barrier and open new avenues for treating brain diseases. The extensive historical utilization of natural mineral drugs, renowned for their exceptional biosafety and therapeutic effectiveness, establishes a robust foundation for integrating contemporary nanotechnology. This integration holds great promise for advancing the clinical translation of natural mineral drugs. Future research must delve deeper into evaluating the stability and potential for clinical use of these materials within a broad spectrum of biomedical applications.