New perspectives on the models of porous carbon

Activated carbon is a versatile material widely used in applications such as water and air purification, energy storage, and catalysis. Its unique structure and properties are derived from an intricate process of carbonization and activation, which creates a complex porous network with varied chemical functionality. This article reviews recent advances in the experimental characterization of activated carbons, highlighting techniques such as X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and high-resolution electron microscopy, which have enabled a deeper understanding of their microstructure. Additionally, theoretical models, including Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCM) simulations and Molecular Dynamics (MD), are discussed as they complement experimental findings and allow for the prediction of properties such as adsorption and pore size distribution. Finally, emerging trends in the design of activated carbon materials are explored, emphasizing their potential for sustainable applications in environmental remediation and advanced energy technologies.