Activation of Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING): Promising Strategy to Overcome Immune Resistance in Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent and second-lethal cancer among men. Despite considerable efforts to explore treatments like autologous cellular immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, their success remains limited. The intricate tumor microenvironment (TME) and its interaction with the immune system pose significant challenges in PCa treatment. Consequently, researchers have directed their focus on augmenting the immune system's anti-tumor response by targeting the STimulator of the Interferon Genes (STING) pathway. The STING pathway is activated when foreign DNA is detected in the cytoplasm of innate immune cells, resulting in the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) STING. This, in turn, triggers an augmentation of signaling, leading to the production of type I interferon (IFN) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. Numerous studies have demonstrated that activation of the STING pathway induces immune system rejection and targeted elimination of PCa cells. Researchers have been exploring various methods to activate the STING pathway, including the use of bacterial vectors to deliver STING agonists and the combination of radiation therapy with STING agonists. Achieving effective radiation therapy with minimal side effects and optimal anti-tumor immune responses necessitates precise adjustments to radiation dosing and fractionation schedules. This comprehensive review discusses promising findings from studies focusing on activating the STING pathway to combat PCa. The STING pathway exhibits the potential to serve as an effective treatment modality for PCa, offering new hope for improving the lives of those affected by this devastating disease.