Gelatine, present use and future applications: Decryption of a high-value multi-purpose by-product of the agro-food industry

According to a report from the United Nations on June 17th, 2019, the world population will increase by 2 billion people by 2100, resulting in a global population of nearly 11 billion people. How to achieve a sufficient and healthy diet while limiting the environmental impact of the food industry? Certain solutions emerge such as the valorisation of the circular economy and in particular the valorisation of collagen/gelatine-derived by-products. The novelty of this review lies in the integrative nature of the presentation of collagen and its derivatives such as gelatine and gelatine hydrolysates. It gathers critical insights into the subject that often do not appear in this genre of literature. This review therefore includes the historical context of its use, their physicochemical properties, the endogenous production of collagen. An entire chapter is dedicated to the different extraction and analysis methods currently available. The last chapter is devoted to the various scopes of application of bioactive peptides arising from collagen hydrolysis, varying from anti-oxidant, anti-hypertensive uses, as well as the numerous applications for the regulation of glucose metabolism.