Phytocompounds from Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels in the management of Monkeypox Virus infections

Monkeypox is a communicable disease similar to smallpox, primarily occurring in African countries. However, recently it has spread to countries outside Africa and may arise as the next threat after COVID-pandemic. The causative organism, i.e. Monkeypox Virus (MPV) spreads from one individual to another primarily through inhalation of respiratory droplets or through contact with skin lesions of infected individuals. No known drugs are available specifically for MPV. Due to its similarity with smallpox, treatment of monkeypox is being attempted through the administration of the smallpox vaccine. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of the plant Phyllanthus acidus against MPV since it is traditionally used in the treatment of chickenpox and smallpox. Through functional annotation, PASS prediction and Network pharmacology analysis, the effectiveness of these chosen P. acidus-derived phytocompounds against MPV was confirmed. Target prediction of the phytocompounds identified in GC-MS analysis of the plant extract showed them to be associated with 76 human proteins. The compounds also show good binding affinity with selected viral proteins: DNA polymerase (DNApol), Putative Virulence Factor (vPVF) and Cytokine Binding Protein. Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) and functional annotation of the target proteins further support their antiviral nature through interaction with these proteins. The compounds were found to modulate pathways related to symptoms of viral infection and this may help in maintaining homeostasis. Our study demonstrates antiviral activity as well as the therapeutic potential of the plant against MPV infection.