Immunometabolic Mechanisms of LANCL2 in CD4+ T Cells and Phagocytes Provide Protection from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Lanthionine synthetase C-like 2 (LANCL2) is an immunoregulatory therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. NIM-1324 is an investigational new drug aimed at addressing the unmet clinical needs of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by targeting the LANCL2 immunometabolic pathway. In R848 and bm12 adoptive transfer models of systemic inflammation that share pathologies with SLE, Lancl2-/- mice experienced greater mortality, increased spleen weight, and reduced CD25hi FOXP3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells compared with the wild type. Conversely, treatment with NIM-1324 in the wild type increased CD25hi FOXP3+ regulatory T cells while reducing inflammatory IL-17+ and IL-21+ CD4+ T cell subsets in the spleen. In traditional mouse models of SLE (NZB/W F1 and MRL/lpr), oral treatment with NIM-1324 protected against weight loss and proteinuria, decreased anti-dsDNA titers, and provided similar changes to the CD4+ T cell compartment in the spleen. The pharmacological activation of LANCL2 by NIM-1324 rescued hypocomplementemia, reduced kidney histopathological scores, and decreased blood IFN response genes and inflammatory cytokines. The loss of LANCL2 in phagocytes impairs phagosome processing, leading to increased uptake of material and inflammatory cytokine production, yet decreased markers of endosomal maturation, phagosome turnover, and lysozyme activity. Treatment with NIM-1324 increases metabolic and lysozyme activity in the phagosome, providing support for increased markers of early phagosome function. This efficacy translated to human PBMCs from patients with SLE, because ex vivo treatment with NIM-1324 resulted in reduced levels of IFN-α, IL-6, and IL-8. Consequently, the activation of LANCL2 effectively modulates CD4+ T cell differentiation and phagocyte activation, supporting immune tolerance in SLE.