Environmental Impacts and Biological Technologies Toward Sustainable Treatment of Textile Dyeing Wastewater: A Review

Textile, printing, and dyeing industries in China are expanding annually, resulting in the discharge of significant volumes of wastewater. These effluents have complex compositions and contain diverse pollutants that pose severe hazards to aquatic systems, ecological environments, and nearby flora, fauna, and human populations. The inadequate or rudimentary treatment of these effluents can cause substantial environmental damage. Current technologies for treating textile dyeing wastewater (TDW) include physical, chemical, and biological methods, with biological treatment being noted for its low cost and environmental sustainability. In the realm of biotechnological treatment, microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and algae, exhibit significant potential. This review highlights the urgent need for effective treatment of textile dyeing wastewater (TDW), which poses severe environmental and health risks. It provides a comparative analysis of physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods, with a focus on the unique advantages of biological approaches, such as biodegradation and biosorption, for sustainable wastewater management. Key findings include recent advancements in microbial applications, challenges in scaling up, and integration into existing treatment systems. This review aims to guide future research and practical applications in achieving eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions for TDW remediation.