All-in-one bioactive properties of photothermal nanofibers for accelerating diabetic wound healing

Diabetic wound healing has attracted widespread attention in biomedical engineering. However, the harsh hypoxic microenvironment (HME) comprising high glucose levels, local bleeding, and bacterial infection often leads to the formation of hyperplastic scars, increasing the clinical demand for wound dressings. Here, we report a comprehensive strategy using near-infrared NIR–assisted oxygen delivery combined with the bioactive nature of biopolymers for remodeling the HME. Black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets and hemoglobin (Hb) were self-assembled layerwise onto electrospun poly-l-lactide (PLLA) nanofibers using charged quaternized chitosan (QCS) and hyaluronic acid. BP converts NIR radiation into heat and stimulates Hb to release oxygen in situ. QCS is a hemostatic and broad-spectrum antibacterial material. Moderate BP-derived photothermal therapy can increase the sensitivity of bacteria to QCS. A series of composite wound dressings (coded as PQBH-n) with different numbers of layers were fabricated, and the in vivo diabetic wound healing potentials were tested. The molecular mechanism can be partly attributed to the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. Notably, this comprehensive strategy based on NIR-assisted oxygen delivery combined with the bioactive properties of biopolymers is not only applicable for fabricating multifunctional wound dressings but also has a great potential in expanding biomedical engineering fields.