Green and cost-effective morter grinding synthesis of bismuth-doped halide perovskites as efficient absorber materials

Abstract Due to the instability and toxicity issues of lead/tin-based halide perovskites, lead-free metal halide perovskites have emerged as an attractive lead replacement for several semiconductor applications. Here, we present a bismuth (Bi)-based perovskite structure as a low-toxic and potentially substitutable alternative to lead-based perovskite solar cells. The synthesis and optical performance of MAPbI 3 , MA 3 Bi 2 I 9 Cl x , and (MAPbI 3 :BiCl 3 ) with ratios (of 10, 30, 50, 70)% as lead-free and low lead perovskite are prepared. The grinding technique is used as a green chemistry method compared to a typical reaction for scaling up production. The phase identification, crystallinity, thermal stability, optoelectronic properties, and nanoscale composition are comprised. The results showed that the prepared samples are enhanced in the visible absorption region and aligned well with previous literature. Besides, the bandgap energy for the mixed-structured perovskite, at a molar ratio of 10%, was reduced to 1.52 eV compared to 1.55 and 1.80 eV for MAPbI 3 , MA 3 Bi 2 I 9 Cl x , respectively. At room temperature, the samples emitted intense photoluminescence in the 680–700 nm region. Our findings demonstrate the processability of bismuth perovskites, aiding in the development of high-performance low toxic perovskites by assisting in the refinement of materials and processing methods.