MicroRNA as Sepsis Biomarkers: A Comprehensive Review

Sepsis, a life-threatening condition caused by the body's dysregulated response to infection, presents a significant challenge in clinical management. Timely and accurate diagnosis is paramount for initiating appropriate interventions and improving patient outcomes. In recent years, there has been growing interest in identifying biomarkers that can aid in the early detection and prognostication of sepsis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potential biomarkers for sepsis due to their involvement in the regulation of gene expression and their stability in various biological fluids, including blood. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that play crucial roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation by binding to target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), leading to mRNA degradation or translational repression. The diagnostic and prognostic potential of miRNAs in sepsis stems from their ability to serve as sensitive and specific biomarkers reflective of the underlying pathophysiological processes. Compared to traditional biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT), miRNAs offer several advantages, including their early and sustained elevation during sepsis, as well as their stability in stored samples, making them attractive candidates for clinical use. However, despite their promise, the clinical translation of miRNAs as sepsis biomarkers faces several challenges. These include the need for standardized sample collection and processing methods, the identification of optimal miRNA panels or signatures for differentiating sepsis from other inflammatory conditions, and the validation of findings across diverse patient populations and clinical settings. In conclusion, miRNAs hold great promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for sepsis, offering insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. However, further research is needed to overcome existing challenges and realize the full clinical utility of miRNAs in improving sepsis outcomes.